Yoga

(26th century B.C.)

≪Indus valley civilization≫ Sculpture who is engaged in yogic meditation , the worship of stones in the form linga (men genital organ) and yoni (female genital organ)

(15th century B.C.～)

		≪The Indo-Aryan Migration≫ Brahmanism “upanishad” 【atman】 one's true self, which transcends death 【Brahman】 The fundamental principles that make up the universe 【reincarnation】Most people do not realize that their entity is Atman, but rather think of their insubstantial self as themselves, pursue illusions as their desires dictate, and are dragged along by karma, repeating reincarnation. 【Brahman equivalent to Atman】 Since Brahman and Atman are identical, by realizing that one's entity is Atman, one can identify with Brahman and be liberated from reincarnation.

(5th century B.C.～)

≪The Rise of Jainism and Buddhism≫

(4～6th century A.D)

		≪gupta dynasty≫ 【Sankhya philosophy】 In Sankhya philosophy, there are two eternal realities: Purusha (the pure spirit), and Prakriti (the basic cosmic material) . It explains that when Purusha sees Prakriti, the mind, body, and all things unfold. In Nagualism, a similar concept exists where perception occurs when intent (superconsciousness) touches energy emanations (the essence of all materials), which is a similar idea.
		【"The Yoga Sutras"】The Yoga Sutras, also known as Raja Yoga Sutras, largely draw from Sankhya philosophy, offering teachings on achieving liberation through meditation and physical practice.
		【"Bhagavad Gita"】 Part of the epic Mahabharata. In it, Krishna describes three paths to liberation: the Path of Knowledge, the Path of Devotion (bhakti), and the Path of Action . In Purusha there is a higher Purusha (Brahman), and union with that Brahman leads to Nirvana. Actions motivated by Brahman (from the heart) are considered unselfish actions; by consistently engaging in these, one strengthens their connection with Brahman and achieves liberation through the Path of Action.

(4th century A.D ～)

		≪The rise of Hinduism≫ ≪Vaishnavism≫ 【bhakti】Within Vaishnavism, bhakti emphasizes that liberation can be achieved through faith in God.
		≪Shaivism≫ 【Tantrism】Tantrism teaches that the union of the masculine principle (Shiva) and the feminine principle (Shakti) brings one closer to God. 【"Hatha Yoga Pradipika"】The Hatha Yoga Pradipika is a foundational text for Hatha Yoga. It describes practices designed to awaken kundalini by guiding prana through the central Sushumna Nadi, complementing the principles of Raja Yoga (classical yoga).